References and Sources

1.     Ahronheim JH. Mass blood typing; summary and analysis of the Jackson, Mich., blood typing program. J Am Med Assoc. 1951 Nov 10;147(11):1034-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.1951.03670280036011. PMID: 14873613.

2.     Blood -Type Tattoo as War Precaution Is Urged by Doctor. The Buffalo News. June 7, 1950.

3.     Burchett G, Leighton P. Memoirs of a Tattooist. Oldbourne Book Company; 1958.

4.     City Knows Where To Get Blood Quick if Needed. Ogden Standard-Examiner. September 16, 1951. Accessed February 27, 2026. https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=30910875

5.     Daly J. [Broadcast]. Colorado Public Radio News. February 19, 2019. https://archive.org/details/KCFR_90_1_FM_20190220_020000

6.     Federal Civil Defense Administration. Blood and Blood Derivatives Program. United States Government Printing Office; 1952. Accessed February 27, 2026. HathiTrust Digital Library. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951000382358r

7.     Grieve V. Little Cold Warriors: American Childhood in the 1950s. Oxford University Press; 2018.

8.     Kluger N, Aldasouqi S. A new purpose for tattoos: medical alert tattoos. Presse Med. 2013 Feb;42(2):134-7. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.009. Epub 2012 May 28. PMID: 22647627.

9.     Lane JB. Atomic tattoos. Northwest Indiana Historian James B Lane [blog]. March 5, 2015. Accessed February 27, 2026. https://northwestindianahistorianjamesblane.blogspot.com/2015/03/atomic-tattoos.html

10.  Lederer SE. Bloodlines: blood types, identity, and association in twentieth-century America. In: Carsten J, ed. Blood Will Out: Essays on Liquid Transfers and Flows. Wiley Blackwell; 2013:117-128.

11.  Medical Society Plans Combat of A-Bomb War. The Hammond Times. August 15, 1950.

12.  McConkie BR. Tattooing. In: Mormon Doctrine. 2nd ed. Bookcraft; 1966:775. https://archive.org/details/mormondoctrine0000mcco_f0f5/

13.  Plan Blood-Typing. Logan Herald Journal. December 5, 1951:42. Accessed February 27, 2026. https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6sf8d78/28665783

14.  Schmidt OE. Medical tattooing; an easily constructed electric machine. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol. 1951 Aug;64(2):210-1. doi: 10.1001/archderm.1951.01570080094020. PMID: 14856419.

15.  Skanchy TC. Tattoo. The Herald Journal. October 21, 1998. Accessed February 27, 2026 https://newspapers.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6q87bdz

16.  State of Utah Civil Defense Council. Civil Defense Annual Report. October 9, 1951. Utah State Archives and Records Service; Governor (1949-1957 : Lee) Correspondence. Accessed February 26, 2026. https://images.archives.utah.gov/digital/collection/p17010coll80/id/1348/rec/1

17.  Rosksowski M. Oral history interview with Margaret Rosksowski by Kathryn MacKay Interviewed by Kathryn MacKay. April 25, 2004. Utah Historical Society; Mss B 1655 The St. Benedict's Hospital Oral Histories Collection, 2002-2005. Accessed February 27, 2026. https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s611dvpm

18.  Wolf EK, Laumann AE. The use of blood-type tattoos during the Cold War. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 Mar;58(3):472-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.019. PMID: 18280343.

Updated: 2026.03.01